初二英语语法
1.on weekends在周末 go to the movies去看电影 help with housework帮助做家务 how often多久一次 hardly ever几乎从不
2.once a week每周一次 twice a week每周两次 every day每天 use the Internet用互联网
be free有空 Are you free on weekends?你周末有空吗?
4.stay up late熬夜at least至少go to bed early早点睡觉play sports进行体育活动
5.after school 放学后 6.want sth:需要某物 He wants a new pen.他想要一支新钢笔。
want to do sth:想做某事 He wants to watch TV after school.放学后他想去看电视。
want sb to do sth:让某人做某事 My mother wants me get up early.妈妈让我早起。
7.be good for对有好处 be bad for 对有害处
8. play computer games打电子游戏 go camping去野营 9.ask sb about sth:问某人某事 My parents often ask me about my study.我的父母经常问我的学习情况。
10. in ones spare time在某人业余时间He studies English in his spare time.11.(P13,2b)数字+percent of+名词做主语时,后面的单词取决于名词的情况。若名词为复数,后面的动词用复数形式;若名词为单数或不可数名词,后面的动词用单数形式。
In our class ,twenty of students are boys. Thirty of water is dirty.
12.notat all:一点儿也不 (not构成否定句)I dont like the movie at all.
13.go online上网=surf the Internet 14.the answer to+名词:的答案
16.the (best) way to do sth: 做某事的()方式
The best way to learn English is speaking English.学习英语的方法是说英语.
17.such as比如 (后跟名词或名词短语)for example 例如(后跟句子)
He likes fruits,such as apples,bananas and so on.他喜欢水果,例如苹果、香蕉等。
He has some good ways to study English,for example ,he often listens to tapes.
19.more than (=over)超过,多余 go to the dentist去看牙医
Unit 3 I'm more outgoing than my sister.
本单元的话题:谈论事物对比,学习形容词比较级。
本单元的语法:学习形容词比较级。(语法:见课本第113页至115页)
本单元的短语和知识点:
1.play+the +乐器 play the drums打鼓 比较play +球类 play basketball打篮球
bothand两者都(后面的动词用复数形式) Both Tom and Jim are students.
3.be good at+名词\代词\V ing:擅长,在某方面做得好
7.be like:像 The books are like friends.书像朋友。
8.make friends (with sb):(和某人)交朋友 enjoy doing sth:喜欢做某事
9.be different from与不同 My brother is different from me.我弟弟与我不一样。
10.help sb to (do) sth:帮助某人做某事
常与help sb with sth(在某方面帮助某人)互换 He often helps me (to) learn English.他经常帮助我学习英语。= He often helps me with my English.他经常在英语方面帮助我。
help (to) do sth:帮助做某事He often helps( to)cook at home.他经常在家帮助做饭。
13.be good with sb:与某人相处很好 14.information (n.消息,信息)不可数名词
Unit 4 What's the best movie theater?
本单元的话题:谈论事物对比, 学习形容词和副词的级。
本单元的语法:学习形容词和副词的级。
本单元的短语和知识点:
1.welcome to+地点:欢迎来到某地 Welcome to our school.欢迎来我校。
2.What do you think of sth?=How dou you like sth?你认为...怎么样?
3.watch sb do sth:看见某人做了某事(= see sb do sth )
4.比较级别 +and+比较级:越来越(若比较级为more+形容词原级,则为:more and more形容词原级)The buildings are taller and taller. Our school is getting more and more beautiful.
5.around the world全世界=all over the world, such as 例如
Unit 5 Do you want to watch a game show?
本单元的话题:谈论自己对天使节目或电影的喜好,学会表达自己的感受。
本单元的语法:复习一般现在时。
本单元的短语和知识点:
1. What do you think of sth?=How dou you like sth?你认为怎么样?
What do you think of the movie?你认为这部电影怎么样? It is boring.很无聊。
2.mind doing sth:介意做某事 3. news (不可数名词,消息,信息) a piece of good news一条好消息 4.learn (sth) from sb:向某人学习(某物) 5.plan to do sth:计划做某事(plan的过去式planned,现在分词planning) 6.hope to do sth:希望做某事
8.favorite (形容词,最喜爱的)= likebest
My favorite shows are talk shows.我最喜欢的节目是谈话节目。=I like talk shows best.
9.expect to do sth:期待做某事 10.think of认为,想起He often thinks of his teachers. 11.in the 1930s:在二十世纪三十年代(1930年至1939年)
10.12.one of +可数名词复数:之一(该短语放在句首做主语时,后面的动词用单数形式)One of the students has an English dictionary.这些学生中一个人有英语字典。
14.luck(名词,幸运,运气)-lucky(形容词,幸运的)--unlucky (形容词,不幸的)
15.be ready to do sth乐意做某事 16.try one's best (to do sth):尽力(做某事)
Unit6 Im going to study computer science.
本单元的话题:谈论自己将来的计划或打算。
本单元的语法:学习一般将来时be going to do sth。
本单元的短语和知识点:
1.词性转换:science (名词,科学)-scientist(名词,科学家)
violin(名词,小提琴)--violinst(名词,小提琴家)piano(名词,钢琴)-- pianist(名词,钢琴家)2.grow up成长,长大 3.be good at+名词\代词\动词+ing:擅长 He is good at math,but he isnt good at speaking English.他擅长数学,但是不擅长说英语。
4.keep on doing sth: 继续做某事 5.be sure about:确信,对有把握
His mother isnt sure about his study.他的妈妈对他的学习没有把握。
6. move to +地点:搬(家)到某地 7. take singing\acting lessons上歌唱课\上表演课=have singing\acting lessons 8. send sb sth = send sth to sb寄\送给某人某物
His grandfather often sends him money。= His grandfather often sends money to him.
9. learn to do sth学会做某事
10. play the piano弹钢琴 make the soccer team组建足球队 get good grades取得好的成绩 eat healthier food吃更健康的食品 get lots of exercise进行大量锻炼
11. foreign language外国语言 12. study hard努力学习 most of the time大多数时间
14. get back from+地点:从回来 He will get back from Beijing in 3 days.
at the beginning of 在开始的时候, write down写下/记下,
17. different kinds of不同种类的 have to do with关于,与有关系,take up开始从事
20. too+形容词+to do sth:太以至于不能
so+形容词+that+句子:如此以至于
形容词+enough to do sth:足够能够做某事(注意三个句型有时可以互相转换)
He is so young that he canprime;t go to school.他如此年轻以至于不能去上学。 上一页 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 下一页
初二英语语法
重点语法:宾语从句
结构:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语)
例句:----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says Im good at English.
注意:①主句是一般现在时态,宾语从句的时态不受其影响。
例句:He says Im good at English now.
He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.
②主句是过去时态,宾语从句也要用过去时态。
例句:He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.
He said I was good at English now yesterday.
③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。
例句:Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.
Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.
④动词原形不能作主语,必须用其 -ing 形式。
例句:She said helping others changed her life.
重点短语:direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语
first of all = at first 首先
pass on 传递
be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事
be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好
in good health 身体健康
get over 克服
open up 打开
care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾
not any more = not any lOnger= no longer 不再
have a cold 感冒
end-of-year exam 年终考试
get nervous 变得紧张
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做)
forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做)
its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词)
context 上下文
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
First read for meaning, not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思,不在于文段的细节部分。)
You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词,你可以通过上下文来寻找它的正确释义。)
If you go to the party,youll have a great time!
八年级英语语法知识点归纳总结二
Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?
本单元的话题:谈论假期活动内容,复习一般过去时。
本单元的语法:1.复习一般过去时;2.学习不定代词和不定副词的用法。
2.不定代词和不定副词的用法:
(1)左边的some、any、every、no与右边的body、one、thing构成不定代词,some、any、every、no与右边的疑问副词where构成不定副词;
(2)一般情况下以some开头的不定代词和不定副词用于肯定句,以any开头的不定代词和不定副词用于否定句、疑问句;以no开头的不定代词和不定副词表示否定含义(no one为两个单词);
(3)不定代词或不定副词和形容词连用时,形容词放在后面。
He has something important to do.他有重要的事情要做。(肯定句用something,形容词important放后)
Did you buy anything special? (一般疑问句用anything,形容词special放后)
Did you go anywhere interesting last month?上个月你去令人感兴趣的地方了吗?
(一般疑问句用不定副词anywhere,形容词interesting放后)
(4)不定代词和不定副词做主语时,后面的动词用单数形式。Everone is here today.今天每个人都在这里。
本单元的短语和知识点:
1. go on vacation去度假 go to the mountains 上山/进山
2.stay at home呆在家go to the beach去海滩 visit museums 参观博物馆 go to summer camp去参观夏令营 3. study for tests为考试而学习\备考 go out出去
4. quite a few相当多,不少(后跟可数名词复数)take photos照相 most of the time大部分时间 5.buy sth for sb = buy sb sth为某人买某物 6. taste good. 尝起来很好
taste(尝起来)、look(看起来)、sound(听起来)为感官动词,后跟形容词
7.have a good\great\fun time过得高兴,玩得愉快(=enjoy oneself) 8. go shopping去购物 9. nothingbut+动词原形:除了之外什么都没有
He had nothing to do at home but read yesterday.昨天他在家除了读书无事可做。
10. seem to do sth:好像 I seem to know him.我好像认识他。
seem+(to be)+形容词:看起来The work seems(to be)easy.这工作看起来很容易。
11.keep a diary记日记
12. in+大地方:达到某地 (get to +地方:达到某地)
arrive at+小地方:达到某地 (get的过去式为got)
若是arrive和get后跟home、there、here三个地点副词,后面的介词in\at\to必须去掉。
Tom got home yesterday evening=Tom arrived home yesterday evening.昨晚汤姆到家。
13.decide to do sth:决定做某事 14. try doing sth.尝试做某事try to do sth.尽力去做某事
15. feel like给的感觉;感受到 16. in the past 在过去 walk around四处走走
enjoy doing sth:喜欢做某事 difference(名词,差异,差别)---- different(形容词,不同的)
18.start doing sth:开始做某事 (= start to do sth)
19.19.over an hour一个多小时 (over超过,多余 = more than)
20. too many 太多,后接可数名词复数。 too much 太多,后跟不可数名词,修饰动词作状语。
much too 太,后跟形容词或副词 , 分辨三者的口诀: too much, much too, 用法区别看后头:much 后接不可数,too 后修饰形或副。too many 要记住,后面名词必复数。
21. because of 因为,后接名词、代词或动名词(即动词+ing),不能接句子。
because因为,后跟句子。
He was late for school because of getting up late.他因为起晚而上学迟到。(get为动词)
= He was late for school because he got up late.
22. enough(足够的)与名词连用,一般放在名词前He has enough money .
23. enough(足够的)与形容词或副词连用,enough放在后面。He is old enough to go to school.
24. doing sth.忘记已经做过某事(已经做完)
Forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(还未做)(forget的过去式为forgot)
25. so+形容词+that+句子:如此以至于
too+形容词+to do sth:太以至于不能
形容词+enough to do sth:足够能够做某事(注意三个句型有时可以互换)
He is so young that he canprime;t go to school.= He is too young to go to school.
= He isnprime;t old enough to go to school.
Unit 2 How often do you exercise?
本单元的话题:谈论生活习惯,复习一般现在时。
本单元的语法:1.复习一般现在时;2.学习表示频率副词的用法。
主要频率副词的等级排序:always(总是) : usually (通常) : often(经常) : sometimes(有时) : hardly ever(很少) : never(从不)
这些副词在句子中的位置,一般放在助动词、be动词或情态动词之后,行为动词之前。即:行前助(系)后。 Peter is always late for school. Peter上学总是迟到。
I usually do my homework in the evening. 我通常在晚上做作业。
提问 always, sometimes, twice a day 等频率副词,用 How often
I watch TV every day.我每天都看电视rarr;How often do you watch TV?(你多长时间看一次电视?)
本单元的短语和知识点: 上一页 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 下一页
初二英语上册语法总结
Unit3I'mmoreoutgoingthanmysister.
本单元的话题:谈论事物对比,学习形容词比较级。
本单元的语法:学习形容词比较级。(语法:见课本第113页至115页)
本单元的短语和知识点:
1.play+the+乐器playthedrums打鼓比较play+球类playbasketball打篮球
both…and…两者都(后面的动词用复数形式)BothTomandJimarestudents.
3.begoodat+名词\代词\Ving:擅长,在某方面做得好
7.belike:像…Thebooksarelikefriends.书像朋友。
8.makefriends(withsb):(和某人)交朋友enjoydoingsth:喜欢做某事
9.bedifferentfrom与…不同Mybrotherisdifferentfromme.我弟弟与我不一样。
10.helpsbto(do)sth:帮助某人做某事
常与helpsbwithsth(在某方面帮助某人)互换Heoftenhelpsme(to)learnEnglish.他经常帮助我学习英语。=HeoftenhelpsmewithmyEnglish.他经常在英语方面帮助我。
help(to)dosth:帮助做某事Heoftenhelps(to)cookathome.他经常在家帮助做饭。
13.begoodwithsb:与某人相处很好14.information(n.消息,信息)不可数名词
Unit4What'sthebestmovietheater?
本单元的话题:谈论事物对比,学习形容词和副词的级。
本单元的语法:学习形容词和副词的级。
本单元的短语和知识点:
1.welcometo+地点:欢迎来到某地Welcometoourschool.欢迎来我校。
2.Whatdoyouthinkofsth?=Howdouyoulikesth?你认为...怎么样?
3.watchsbdosth:看见某人做了某事(=seesbdosth)
4.比较级别+and+比较级:越来越…(若比较级为more+形容词原级,则为:moreandmore形容词原级)Thebuildingsaretallerandtaller.Ourschoolisgettingmoreandmorebeautiful.
5.aroundtheworld全世界=allovertheworld,suchas例如
Unit5Doyouwanttowatchagameshow?
本单元的话题:谈论自己对天使节目或电影的喜好,学会表达自己的感受。
本单元的语法:复习一般现在时。
本单元的短语和知识点:
1.Whatdoyouthinkofsth?=Howdouyoulikesth?你认为…怎么样?
Whatdoyouthinkofthemovie?你认为这部电影怎么样?Itisboring.很无聊。
2.minddoingsth:介意做某事3.news(不可数名词,消息,信息)apieceofgoodnews一条好消息4.learn(sth)fromsb:向某人学习(某物)5.plantodosth:计划做某事(plan的过去式planned,现在分词planning)6.hopetodosth:希望做某事
8.favorite(形容词,最喜爱的)=like…best
Myfavoriteshowsaretalkshows.我最喜欢的节目是谈话节目。=Iliketalkshowsbest.
9.expecttodosth:期待做某事10.thinkof认为,想起Heoftenthinksofhisteachers.11.inthe1930s:在二十世纪三十年代(1930年至1939年)
10.12.oneof+可数名词复数:…之一(该短语放在句首做主语时,后面的动词用单数形式)OneofthestudentshasanEnglishdictionary.这些学生中一个人有英语字典。
14.luck(名词,幸运,运气)—lucky(形容词,幸运的)--unlucky(形容词,不幸的)
15.bereadytodosth乐意做某事16.tryone'sbest(todosth):尽力(做某事)
初二英语语法归纳总结
初中英语是一门基础学科,下面总结了初二英语重点语法知识点,希望能够给大家的英语学习提供帮助。 一般疑问句 一、不用疑问词,但需要用yes或no回答的疑问句,叫一般疑问句。句末用问号“?”。 一般疑问句的基本用法及结构一般疑问句用于对某一情况提出疑问,通常可用yes和no来回答,读时用升调。其基本结构是“be / have / 助动词+主语+谓语(表语)”: Is he interested in going? 他有兴趣去吗? Have you ever been to Japan? 你到过日本吗? Does she often have colds? 她常常感冒吗? Did you ask her which to buy? 你问没问她该买哪一个? 二、陈述句变一般疑问句的方法 1. 动词be的疑问式:动词be根据不同的时态和人称可以有am, is, are, was, were等不同形式,可用作连系动词(表示“是”、“在”等)和助动词(用于构成进行时态和被动语态等),但不管何种情况,构成疑问式时,一律将动词be的适当形式置于句首:句型:Be动词+主语~? Is your father angry?你父亲生气了吗? Yes,he is.是的,他生气了。 No,he isn't.不,他没生气。 Were the babies crying last night?(进行时) 昨天晚上这些孩子们一直在哭吗? Yes,they were.是的,他们在哭。 No,they weren't.不,他们没哭。 Is English spoken all over the world?(被动语态) 全世界都说英语吗? Yes,it is.是的。 No,it isn't.不。 2. 动词have的疑问式:动词have根据不同的时态和人称可以有have, has, had等形式,可以用作实意动词和助动词,分以下情况讨论: ① 用作实意动词表示状态,如表示拥有、患病或用于have to表示“必须”等,在构成构成式时可以直接将have, has, had置于句首,也可根据情况在句首使用do, does, did: Does he have [Has he] anything to say? 他有什么话要说吗? Do you have [Have you] to leave so soon? 你必须这么早走吗? Did you have [Had you] any friends then? 他当时有朋友吗? ② 用作实意动词表示动作,如表示“吃(=eat)”、“喝(=drink)”、“拿(=take)”、“收到(=receive)”、“度过(=spend)”等,构成疑问式时不能将have提前至句首,而应在句首使用do, does, did: Does he have breakfast at home? 他在家吃早餐吗? Did you have a good time at the party? 你在晚会上玩得高兴吗? ③ 完成时的一般疑问句 句型:Have(Has)+主语+动词的过去分词+~? Have you known her since your childhood? 你从童年就认识她吗? Yes,I have.是的。 No,I haven't.不。 过去完成时的一般疑问句 句型:Had +主语+动词的过去分词+~? Had he learned about two thousand English words before he came here? 他来这里以前就已经学了大约两千个单词了吗? Yes,he had.是的。 No,he hadn't.不。 3. 情态动词的疑问式:情态动词的疑问式通常是将情态动词置于句首: 句型:情态动词+主语+动词原形~? Can you bring me some apples? 你能给我拿来些苹果吗? Yes,I can.是的,可以。 No,I can't.不,不可以。 Can you speak English? 你会说英语吗? Must I finish the work at once? 我必须马上完成工作吗? 4. 实意动词的疑问式:一般实意动词的疑问式,通常应根据不同时态和人称在句首加助动词do, does, did等: 句型:Do(Does,Did)+主语+动词原形~? Do you go to school every day? 你每天都上学吗? Does the boy like dancing? 这男孩喜欢唱歌吗? Did you see the film last night? 你昨晚看了这部电影吗? Did he do morning exercises yesterday? 昨天他做早操了吗? Yes,he did.是的,他做了。 No,he didn't.不,他没做。 特殊疑问句 用疑问词引导的疑问句叫做特殊疑问句。回答特殊疑问句时不能用yes或no。用降调。为了便于理解、掌握特殊疑问句,我们把疑问词分为三类: 疑问代词:what,who,Which,whose,whom 疑问副词:when,where,why,how 疑问形容词:what(which,whose)+名词 一、疑问代词的用法 1.what引导的疑问句 此类疑问句可以对主语、表语和宾语提问。 a.对主语提问 What is in your pocket? 你口袋里有什么? 这个问题可以有两种回答: a:There is an egg in it. 在口袋里有一个蛋。 b:An egg is(in it). 一个蛋(在里面)。 There are a lot of chairs in it. =A 1ot of chairs are in it.有许多椅子。 注意 回答此句型的问题时,答句的单复数根据实际情况而定。 b.对宾语提问 What did you buy?你买了什么? c.对表语提问 What is this?这是什么? It's a bench.这是一条长凳。 What is your mother?你妈妈是干什么的? 2.Who,whom,whose引导的疑问句 此类疑问句可以对主语、表语和宾语提问。 Who broke the window?(对主语提问) 谁打破了窗户? who可以对主语和表语提问。whom是who的宾格,对宾语提问,但在口语中who可以代替whom。 Li Ming did.李明打破的。 Who is that woman?(对表语提问) 那个女人是谁? She is my mother.她是我妈妈。(关系) 或者:She is Rose.她是罗思。(姓名) 二、疑问形容词的用法 what,which,whose后面跟上名词时,这三个疑问词起形容词作用。 What sports do you like?(对宾语提问) 你喜欢什么运动? I like basketball.我喜欢篮球。 Whose pens are these?(对表语提问) 这些是谁的钢笔? They are Li Ming's.这些是李明的。 Whose father died two years ago?(对主语提问) 两年前谁的父亲死了? Which picture did you take?(对宾语提问) 哪一张照片是你拍的? I took the one on the right. 右边的那一张是我拍的。 三、疑问副词的用法 句型:疑问副词+一般疑问句的语序~? (疑问副词在句中作状语,所以它们不可能对主语提问) 1.when引导的疑问句:询问时间 When were you born?你何时出生? (I was born)on June 5,1962. 我是1962年6月5日出生的。 副词 1.是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 2.副词的分类 (1)时间频率副词 now,then,often,always,usually,next,lastday,already,ever,never等。 (2)地点副词 ere, there, everywhere, anywhere,somewhere, in, out, inside, outside等。 (3)方式副词 carefully, properly,warmly ,slowly,badly,bravely等。 (4)疑问副词 how, when, where, why等。 (5)关系副词 when, where, why等。 简单句的五种基本句型 1.“主语 + 谓语”(即“主谓”句型) 2.“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型) 3.“主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型) 4.“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型) 5.“主语 + 系动词+ 表语”(即“主系表”句型) 常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
八年级英语上册第六单元短语
1.talk about 谈论
2.in some ways 在某些方面
3.more than 超过,多于
4.in mon 共有,公共
5.enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事
6.the same as 和……一样
7.be good at =do well in 擅长于
8.(not) as…as… (不)如……一样……
9.in school = at school 在校求学;在学校
10.make *** .do sth.让某人做某事
11.look the same 看起来一样
12.talk to/with 和……谈话
13.stop doing sth.停止做某事
14.stop to do sth 接着做某事
15.primary school 小学
16.begin / start with 以……开始
17.end with 以……结束
18.in the middle of 在……中间
19.a swimming poor 游泳池
20.on the other hand =on the opposite 另一方面(边)
21.be good with=get on well with 和……相处得好
22.use… to do… 用……来做……
23.around China=all over China 全中国
24.after that 自那以后
八年级上英语第一单元短语
Unit 1
2. look after=take care of 照顾
3. surf the Internet 上网
4. healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式
5. go skateboarding 去划板
6. (be) in good health
=(be)healthy身体健康
7. keep healthy
=keep in good health 保持健康
8. as for至于
9. take/do exercise=play/ do sports锻炼,做运动
10. eating habits 饮食习惯
11. the same as 与……相同
12. once a month一月一次
13. be different from 不同
14. twice a week一周两次
15. make a difference to 对什么有影响
16. how often 多久一次
17. although=though虽然
18. most of the students=most students大多数学生
19. activity survey活动调查
20. go shopping=do some shopping 购物
21. do homework做家庭作业
22. do housework做家务事
23. junk food垃圾食物
24. be good/bad for 对……有益(害)
25. on/at weekends 在周末
26. want to do sth=would like to do sth
=feel like doing sth 想要做某事
27. want sb to do sth
= would like sb to do sth想要某人做某事
28. try to do sth 尽量做某事
try doing sth.试着做某
try one’s best to do sth.尽力做某事
29. come home from school放学回家
30. of course=certainly=sure当然
31. get good grades取得好成绩
32. help sb ( to )do sth 帮助某人做某事,
33. help sb with sth在某方面帮助某人
34. a lot of =lots of=many /much许多,大量